Tendências das séries históricas do índice de calor no município de Santa Maria - RS

Este trabalho teve como objetivo calcular e analisar as séries históricas mensais do Índice de Calor (IC) para Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no período de 1968 a 2011. As variáveis meteorológicas utilizadas neste trabalho foram pressão atmosférica, temperatura do bulbo seco e temperatura do bulbo úmido, no horário das 9h (12UTC), 15h (18UTC) e 21h (00UTC). Foi realizada análise de tendência das séries históricas para o valor absoluto e a média mensais do IC através do teste de Mann-Kendall e análise de regressão linear simples para quantificar a tendência, com nível de significância de 95% (α=0,05). Para o valor máximo, no horário das 15h (18UTC), as séries históricas para os meses de janeiro e abril apresentaram acréscimo no valor do índice de calor na magnitude de 0,76°C década-1 e 0,92°C década-1, respectivamente. No horário das 21h (00 UTC), os meses de abril e novembro apresentaram aumento de 0,43°C década-1 e 0,55°C década-1, respectivamente. Porém os meses de maio e agosto apresentaram diminuição de 0,69°C década-1 e 0,31°C década-1, respectivamente

Assessing the response of maize phenology under elevated temperature scenarios Resposta fenológica do milho em cenários de aumento de temperatura

The objective of this study was to simulate the development of maize in elevated temperature scenarios at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The developmental cycle of maize was simulated with the Wang and Engel (WE) model with genotype-dependent coefficients for the cultivar BRS Missões. The developmental cycle was divided into vegetative phase (from emergence to silking), and reproductive phase (from silking to physiological maturity). Twelve sowing dates throughout the year were considered, resulting in emergences on the day 15 of each month all year round. Climate scenarios used were synthetic time series of 100 years of current climate and with increase in mean air temperature of +1, +2, +3, +4, and +5, with symmetric and asymmetric increases in daily minimum and maximum temperatures. As temperature increased, the number of years in which crop was killed by frost decreased, indicating that if global warming will confirm, the growing season for maize grown in subtropical environment will be longer by the end of this century. Maize vegetative and reproductive development was delayed or hastened depending upon the emergence time of the year, and if the increase in air temperature is symmetric or asymmetric, indicating complex Genotype x Environment interactions and high vulnerability of maize development to climate change.O objetivo deste trabalho foi simular o desenvolvimento da cultura de milho em cenários de aumento de temperatura em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. O ciclo de desenvolvimento do milho foi simulado com o modelo de Wang e Engel (WE) com coeficientes dependentes do genótipo, para a cultivar BRS Missões. O ciclo de desenvolvimento foi dividido em fase vegetativa (da emergência ao espigamento) e fase reprodutiva (do florescimento até a maturidade fisiológica). Foram consideradas doze datas de semeadura, resultando a emergência no dia 15 de cada mês durante todo o ano. Os cenários climáticos utilizados foram séries sintéticas de 100 anos do clima atual e com aumentos na temperatura média do ar de +1, +2, +3, +4 e +5, com aumentos simétricos e assimétricos na temperatura mínina e máxima diária. Com o aumento da temperatura, diminuiu o número de anos em que a cultura foi morta pela geada, indicando que, se o aquecimento global se confirmar, o calendário do cultivo do milho será maior até o final deste século. O desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo do milho foi retardado ou acelerado dependendo da época de emergência da cultura ao longo do ano, e se o aumento na temperatura do ar é simétrico ou assimétrico, o que indica uma complexa interação Genótipo x Ambiente, bem como, alta vulnerabilidade do desenvolvimento do milho à mudança climática

Water-deficit tolerance of landrace and improved corn genotypes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, a área foliar, a condutância estomática, a fotossíntese, a transpiração e a fração de água transpirável no solo crítica (FATSc) de genótipos de milho híbrido e crioulo, em função do deficit hídrico caracterizado pela FATS. Foram realizados dois experimentos, nos anos agrícolas de 2015/2016 e 2016/2017: um a campo e outro em casa de vegetação. Os seguintes genótipos foram avaliados em sistema irrigado e não irrigado: os crioulos Cinquentinha e Bico de Ouro e a cultivar melhorada AS 1573PRO. A produtividade a campo é maior para 'AS 1573PRO', seguida por Bico de Ouro e Cinquentinha, em ambos os anos de avalição. O deficit hídrico reduz a abertura estomática, a fotossíntese e a taxa de transpiração, o que resulta no fechamento total dos estômatos de 'AS 1573PRO' e Bico de Ouro, e no fechamento parcial dos de Cinquentinha. Houve redução da área foliar de 'AS 1573PRO', Bico de Ouro e Cinquentinha sob deficit hídrico durante o período reprodutivo. No primeiro ano agrícola sob condições de deficit hídrico, 'AS 1573PRO' e Cinquentinha mostram alta tolerância ao deficit hídrico com FTSWc de 0,71, e 'AS 1573PRO' também mostra a maior tolerância no segundo ano agrícola com FTSWc de 0,73. Além disso, Bico de Ouro apresenta sensibilidade ao deficit hídrico nos dois anos agrícolas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield, leaf area, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, and critical fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSWc) of hybrid and landrace corn (Zea mays) genotypes, as affected by the water deficit characterized by the FTSW. Two experiments were carried out in the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 crop years: one in the field and the other in a greenhouse. The following genotypes were evaluated in irrigated and nonirrigated systems: the Cinquentinha and Bico de Ouro landraces and the AS 1573PRO improved cultivar. Yield in the field was higher for 'AS 1573PRO', followed by Bico de Ouro and Cinquentinha in both evaluation years. Water deficit reduces stomatal opening, photosynthesis, and transpiration rate, resulting in the total closure of the stomata of 'AS 1573PRO' and Bico de Ouro, and in the partial closure of those of Cinquentinha. There was a reduction in the leaf area of 'AS 1573PRO', Bico de Ouro, and Cinquentinha under water deficit during the reproductive period. In the first crop year under water deficit conditions, 'AS 1573PRO' and Cinquentinha show a high tolerance to water deficit with a FTSWc of 0.71, and 'AS 1573PRO' also shows the highest tolerance in the second crop year with a FTSWc of 0.73. Moreover, Bico de Ouro is sensitive to water deficit in the two crop years

Estimating the development of landrace and improved maize cultivars as a function of air temperature

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the maximum development rates for the phases of emergence, vegetative and reproductive, and to test the performance of the Wang and Engel (WE) model for simulating the development of landrace and improved maize cultivars sown on different dates. Model calibration was with data collected from a field experiment with a sowing date on December 13, 2014, and the model was tested with independent data from experiments with five sowing dates (August 20 and November 4, 2013, February 3 and August 15, 2014, and January 7, 2015) in Santa Maria, RS. The experiment was a complete randomized block design with four replicates. The dates of emergence (EM), silking (R1), and physiological maturity (R6) of two landraces ('Cinquentinha' and 'Bico de ouro') and two improved maize cultivars ('BRS Planalto' and 'AS 1573PRO') were recorded. Maximum daily developmental rates varied among cultivars from 0.2400 to 0.3411 d-1 for the emergence phase, from 0.0213 to 0.0234 d-1 for the vegetative phase, and from 0.0254 to 0.0298 d-1 for the reproductive phase. The WE model adequately estimated the developmental stages of landraces and improved maize cultivars with a mean error of 3.7 days. The cardinal temperatures used in the WE model were appropriate to estimate the developmental stages of landraces and improved maize cultivars

Estimating the development of landrace and improved maize cultivars as a function of air temperature. Estimating the development of landrace and improved maize cultivars as a function of air temperature Estimativa do desenvolvimento de cultivares crioulas

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the maximum development rates for the phases of emergence, vegetative and reproductive, and to (August 20 and November 4, 2013, February 3 and August 15, 2014, and January 7, 201

Observed and estimated leaf appearance of landrace and improved maize cultivars

<div><p>ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the simulations of leaf appearance of landrace and improved maize cultivars using the CSM-CERES-Maize (linear) and the Wang and Engel models (nonlinear). The coefficients of the models were calibrated using a data set of total leaf number collected in the 11/04/2013 sowing date for the landrace varieties ‘Cinquentinha’ and ‘Bico de Ouro’ and the simple hybrid ‘AS 1573PRO’. For the ‘BRS Planalto’ variety, model coefficients were estimated with data from 12/13/2014 sowing date. Evaluation of the models was with independent data sets collected during the growing seasons of 2013/2014 (Experiment 1) and 2014/2015 (Experiment 2) in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Total number of leaves for both landrace and improved maize varieties was better estimated with the Wang and Engel model, with a root mean square error of 1.0 leaf, while estimations with the CSM-CERES-Maize model had a root mean square error of 1.5 leaf.</p></div